Women Were Not Recognized As Citizens - 1344 Words

Women were not recognized as citizens in Ancient Greece. During the â€Å"Golden Age†, women had no rights to entitlement as a results, women were only viewed to only applaud men without questioning, these perspectives resulted in the absolute faith and admiration in what a male was considered to be a god-like- figure. In the ancient Greek play, â€Å"Antigone† written by Sophocles, Antigone, Daughter of Oedipus, was able to oppose what men have a set notation of what and how the â€Å"ideal† woman should conduct and present oneself in the community. This opposition resulted in the in the questioning of why Antigone was unable to be an â€Å"ideal† woman during this era. Women in Ancient Greece had very few rights. Women were underneath the manipulation and law reassurance of their monogynist companion, father, or any other male that came into the presence of a female. Which was considered as the â€Å"ideal† woman should have been â€Å"seen and not heard†. In the case of Antigone, she was able to show that she more than a muzzled female who lacked personalized individuality by standing up for what she believed was morally correct to her and the prophets. Antigone states, â€Å"He has no right to keep me from my own (59)†. Referring to Creon, the King of Thebes, who enforced man-made- laws to bury one of Antigone’s brother with an honorable discharge but emphasized that the expired physique of Polynices should be left for â€Å"birds that scan the field and feast to their hearts content (36)†. When reading theShow MoreRelatedAthens †¦Democracy Realized?. . . Gregory R. Bowen. History1656 Words   |  7 Pages While it was practiced as a direct democracy, with all eligible citizens having the right to vote, the question of just how democratic it really was, must be asked. Who was eligible to vote and participate in political life? What role did women, slaves, and foreigners play in Athens? How accessible was the ability to vote? The answers to these questions will show that while the Athenians practiced a government in which its citizens had more say in their lives and the city itself, than the predominantRead MoreThe Reform Of Hammurabi s Code896 Words   |  4 Pageswhich it was implemented, however it also added to the existing socioeconomic and gender divisions that were already existent in Babylonian society at the time. Codes 209 and 211 both state that if a man harms a woman, causing her to have a miscarriage, he has to pay a fine. However, code 211 goes on to specify that if the woman is a commoner, the fine is less than what it would be if she were not. From these two code s, it is evident that the different social classes are both viewed and treatedRead MoreAncient Athens : The Birthplace Of Democracy1378 Words   |  6 Pagesbirthplace of democracy. Nevertheless, in this paper I argue that there are aspects that show that Athenians were not truly democratic because of the restrictions imposed on citizenship such as; age requirement, only males allowed, and the requirement of a birth measure meaning that double descent was required from both an Athenian mother and an Athenian father to be recognized as a citizen regardless of one’s birthplace. It is antithetical to classify the political system of Ancient Athens as aRead MoreThe United States1489 Words   |  6 Pagestoward the population. Though all citizens are not exactly the same, they allegedly are judged uniformly under the law. Some Americans might have more intergenerational wealth while others have less or none at all and some may have different ethnic and cultural upbringing which is separate from mainstream American culture; but all citizens of the United States have identical intrinsic entitlements as Americans. The word equality refers to a multitude of ways citizens can be viewed and treated equallyRead MoreFrance Bans the Muslim Burqa and Veil Essays1466 Words   |  6 PagesWithin the Middle East, the largest population of the men and women are Muslim. The Muslim religion suggests that women wear a veil or hijab, which is a head scarf that only exposes a woman’s eyes, accompanied by a burqa which is a full body cloak. The sole purpose of the clothing is to cover a woman’s feminine features from men’s eyes. The Qur’an, an Islamic scripture, supports and slightly obligates the uniform by saying that women are to be conservative, â€Å"let them wear their head covering overRead MoreEssay about Focus on Lesbian Lives in Movie, If These Walls Could Talk966 Words   |  4 PagesTalk 2 focuses on lesbian lives over a forty year period, framed within a single house. This movie is an issue-driven and thoughtful drama about some of the challenges lesbians face, and the change in cultural attitudes over time towards women who love women. Women having to play a traditional role in life and not able to be themselves violate the Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. The debate over same-sex marriage is not only a moral debate but a legal debate over whether same-sexRead MoreWomen Suffrage Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Suffrage Women’s rights in America have always been a major issue throughout history. Women’s rights have been closely linked with human rights throughout . This violation of Women’s rights is apparent in the fight for suffrage in the late 1800’s-early 1900’s . It can be said that the government denying the vote to women is a human right offense because the right to vote is a natural right that comes with citizenship. To deny a certain group based on race, age, or gender isRead MoreMacedonian Culture And Greek Culture1442 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar to the Greek culture. In both cultures, women have an important role in the society: they are free and are perfectly able to live without men. The position of women in the society is quite similar in the Greek culture and the Macedonian culture. Yet, it is also true that only Spartan women are similar to the Macedonian women. They are the only ones who have such a great liberty and power comparing to the other polis. By 600 BCE in Sparta, women had a lot of free time. Their husbands spentRead MoreWoodrow Wilson, Carrie Chapman Catt, And Susan B. Anthony1407 Words   |  6 Pagesexpresses the opinion he holds about the lack of control over women being able to vote; he prioritizes the use of logos to create an argument consisting of present fact and his own belief of how the rest of the world will see them as a nation if they do not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Catt’s The Crisis analyzes her present issue of the acknowledgement of women’s suffrage. Catt explains that through the ackn owledgement of women’s suffrage, women have been given more freedom, yet not the same equalityRead MoreAthenian Society1561 Words   |  7 PagesGreek Athenian philosopher called Socrates. People also recognized him as one of the founders of the western philosophy. His works have inspired many people from time to time, especially writers. Another Important Individual in the classical Athenian society was Socrates student, Plato. Plato was also known for his sophisticated works in philosophy. In addition to being well known as a writer of Philosophical dialogues, People also recognized Plato for his work in mathematics. Plato was also the founder

Ethical Issues Within The Business World - 1346 Words

1. Introduction For this coursework, I will be discussing what ethical issues are and how a business is affected by them. I will then move on to discussing 3 main ethical issues within the business world and how it could be resolved. The 3 main issues which I’ll be talking about are fair trade and child labour, harassment at work place and equal pay. I believe these 3 issues can relate to businesses in every sector and not just one area. 2. What are ethical issues and how they affect a business Ethical issues are a set of rules and policies which forms a business’s structure of operations. These are the moral values of a business and define what is right and wrong. Businesses have a responsibility towards its employees and the society†¦show more content†¦The company’s share prices would increase as more investors will want to work with your company and this would protect the company from takeovers. The company can then have money which could be used to expand the business or being able to produce more products. (Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2016) 3. Fair trade Without a living wage paid the workers may be compelled to work excessive overtime hours for them to be able to provide for their families. This could lead them into getting multiple jobs and becoming bonded labourers. They will be working twice as hard to get paid equally and this is how child labour then comes into power. Families who’s adults are unable to prove for the family even working multiple jobs will take their children out of education and put them into employment life just to meet the basic human need of food, shelter, nutrition, health, housing and education. Fair trade ensures that whoever worked to produce the product or to have it transported was paid a fair amount of money for their work. They weren’t taken advantage of and nor were they made to work excessive hours for a wage below living wage. Since the past decade companies are now able to get their suppliers to pay their workers statutory entitlement such as sick pay, holiday pay, national living w age and even pension entitlement. This has made a huge difference to workers in countries like India and Bangladesh as people are now able to earn

Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life Free Essays

Negative Effects of TV The television has many effects on family life and the individual, causing family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naive of their surroundings. The TV keeps one hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and personal relationships to weaken. Not only does the TV seem to be a good alternative to conversations and interactions amongst one another, but it also helps to create a gap between the fictional world of TV and reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the invention of the home television, it has become a crucial part in everyday household life. Children spend less time with family, because it is simply easier to sit down and be entertained by the TV. †The time spent next to it [the TV] exceeds the amount of time spent together with any other family member. † (Wattermann) Watching TV has a major effect on the way a child communicates with other family members and friends, distancing them from real-world situations and problems. Parents spend long hours working and want an effective suppressant for their children. Contemporary parents work a lot, but when they come back home they are not eager to spend time with their child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wattermann) Even adults fall into the attraction of taking themselves out of their childs’ life, in order to relax or gain the free time they long desire. The effect the TV has on the family has been negative in comparison to the original intention of bringing the TV into t he home, back in the 1940s. The depiction of the family watching TV together has changed, and now with multiply TVs present in a home, the separation and disfunction of the family has increased. TV also has a negative effect on the individual, because it takes away from potential relationships and also promotes bad behavior and aggressions as seen on violent television shows. What is being watched on television has the potential to influencing negative behavior, within the child or even adult. In an article from the AAP or the American Association of Pediatrics, it was noted that, â€Å"Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. † (Pediatrics Vol. 108 No. ) The violence seen on TV, can lead to violent acts later on. Individuals are affected by what they see on TV and can be influenced by the suggestive nature that is described in almost every TV program. â€Å"Even in G-rated, animated movies and DVDs, violence is common† (Boyse, RN). The TV violence has an effect on people and children of all ages, and even though some programs are education al and beneficial for the development and growth of the child, there are so many other programs going on at the same time that contradict the idea of â€Å"good TV†. Television watching also has a major impact on the self-image one has of themself. The TV paints a false image of what the normal and accepted person should look like. The person watching, therefore gets sucked into the mindset that they have to be like the well-toned models seen on tv, this creates many different problems. Insecurities within the individual flourish and they are constantly bombarded with images of how they should be, in order to fit into today’s society. While watching constant images of healthy women and men makes some people immediately jump off the couch and start their â€Å"cardio routine† some sit back and envy what they simply will never have. Ironically, this leads to eating disorders and obesity. â€Å"People, who spend hours and hours in front of the TV sets, are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese. † (API Heathline) Either way, false advertisement of the way someone should be perceived has a negative effect on the viewer. In general, the content on TV impacts who were are and who we want to become in order to fit into society. Another factor involved in television watching, is the amount and the persistence of commercials. Commercials make up a majority of television air time, trying to influence people to spend time and resources on products and new inventions that will make you better fit into society. For example, food commercials are constantly influencing people to make new recipes or to go to the newest most delicious restaurant in town. Other commercials such as the shopping channel become appealing to the older audience who are alone and constantly craving new things. This leads to hording and other disorders, including the addiction of television watching in itself. Commercials and news articles also persuade people in terms of politics, economic issues, and social influences therefore inducting the one-way nature of the viewers. If people constantly go to the TV for current updates on news and other current events then it deters the need to communicate with one another and create the social relationships needed to have a cohesive balance in life. Another problem that arises with TV is the effect it has on one psychologically. Kids spend many hours in front of the TV, especially over long periods of isolation. Some adults can argue that the constant atching of television is the beginning of a new age of addiction. â€Å"Studies about negative effects of television addiction show the TV addicts’ people through its tranquilizing numbing affect, causing them to relax, become drowsy, and then desire to watch more TV. † (Parenting-Healthy-Children) Watching TV seems to have the same effects that habit- forming narcotics have on the indi vidual. When watching hours upon hours of TV, one is quickly relaxed and put into a state of obliviousness to the outside world, therefore having similar effects of mind altering drugs. TV watching has many effects on the viewer and can lead to many social and personal problems. Family relationships, individual self- consciousness, and violent/ inappropriate subject matter all lead to the conclusion that too much television can be harmful to our society. TV is readily available to every one of all ages, and the majority of the material is geared toward a more mature audience. Over time, TV has changed dramatically from mostly family-oriented TV programs to programs geared to different age groups, in order to attract different audiences. Children and TV: The Negative Effects of Television. †Ã‚  Children and TV: The Negative Effects of Television. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Media Violence. †Ã‚  Media Violence. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV | Academic Programs International a Health Line. â€Å"Academic Programs International Health Line Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV Comments. N. p. , n. d. W eb. 13 Feb. 2013. â€Å"The Negative Effects of Television Addiction and Computer Addiction. †Ã‚  The Negative Effects of TelevisionAddiction and Computer Addiction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. How to cite Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life, Essays

Microeconomy and an Architectural Case Study Essay Example For Students

Microeconomy and an Architectural Case Study Essay Summarative ReportPurpose.The aim of this report is to act as a bridge between the micro economies essay findings, with the case study group work. Looking at the case study examined, it will act as a precedent in the continuing of the discussion of micro economies and also expanding on architecture specifically in urban decay and regeneration in context to the phenomenon of gentrification. Structure.As an introduction, a small explanation of how the case study visit occurred, methodology of work and outcomes as conclusions and findings were observed. The next step is to link the conclusions of the case study visit to the context of the micro economies essay’s outcomes. The final part of the essay is to expand on the findings, and draw final conclusions regarding micro economies phenomena and gentrification. Last but not least, comparisons to architecture would be made along the way, and how architecture is used in different ways in the economic context. Brixton Village as a precedent. We visited Brixton Village in London for the case study, and we explored if it has been exposed and affected by gentrification. And if so, how has the urban vernacular been affected by gentrification in context to it’s heritage. In the case of Brixton Village, gentrification is interpreted as the process by which upwardly mobile urbanites ‘discover’ an area, open new trend businesses and displace the people who have been living and working there for years. The study was carried out two separate ways. First was the comparison of information, finding on demographics, employment, start up initiatives, plans, etc. Second way was with on site research, mapping, interviews, and characteristics of Brixton Village. A couple of interesting trends emerg. . around Pembridge Place and Dawson Place and streets radiating from the southern part of Ladbroke Grove, many of which lead onto substantial communal gardens. There are grand terraces, and large estates that now are very famous. Since at least 2000, independent shops in Portobello such as Culture Shack have lost out to multinational standardised chains such as Starbucks. In 2009, Lipkas Arcade, a large indoor antiques market was replaced by the high street chain All Saints. Reflecting the increasing demise of one of the most culturally vibrant parts of central London, the 2011 Census showed that in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in which Notting Hill is situated, the number of Black or Black British and White Irish residents, two of the traditionally largest ethnic minority groups in Notting Hill, declined by 46 and 28 percent respectively in ten years.

Book review on the cold war by mike sewell Essay Example

Book review on the cold war by mike sewell Essay For 50 years the world was dominated by two superpowers. The cold war was a confrontation between the United States and Soviet Union, with the belief that the ideology of the other side had to be destroyed. The Soviet Union believed that the conflict between capitalism and communism was inevitable. The United States believed that peace and stability in the world would only emerge when the evil of communism was abolished. The cold war was a significant era in the history of the world as it shapes the economic, political and the ideological world today. Mike Sewells The Cold War thoroughly covers all stages of this era chronologically, from its origins, the confrontation between the powers and the collapse of the communist party in the early 1990s throughout seven sections. One of the positive aspects of reading the cold war is that it is based on a monograph therefore confined to the study of one topic. Whereas reading a book like world history since 1945, by jack Watson may give you broader knowledge of a longer period however it does not go into depth about each topic so the reader is only left with basic knowledge about the particular topic. The vocabulary used by mike Sewell is straightforward which is a positive aspect due to the reason that its is a core textbook at a-level history therefore it is more accessible to a wider audience, as well as students who are more able to understand. As a student, this book may be helpful for the reason that it provides questions at the end of each chapter regarding what has just been discussed. This can be seen to be a positive aspect during revision of the topic. The cold war is crucial era in history and many writers have written and commented on the time, mostly with conflicting views. Mike Sewell has based most of his writing on previous books. At the beginning of each chapter he allows the reader to be aware of these references by providing footnotes to back up his op

The Ethics of Selling Violent Video Games Research Paper Example

The Ethics of Selling Violent Video Games Research Paper Example The Ethics of Selling Violent Video Games Paper The Ethics of Selling Violent Video Games Paper Should Barry recommend that Take-Two go forward with the release of GTAG: Vice City? Yes, they should think deeply of the Impact that the game will game will have over the children who play It, not only the Impact the game will have over their company and also take Into account that many groups are already against them In the release of the game. 2. Given the contemplated video game is legal, is clearly marked as Mature for audiences over 17, and is targeted for audiences not particularly offended by the homes of GTAG: Vice City, is there an ethical issue of any kind in this case? Yes, because the game is already classified the game from 17 years up and is legal, so the choice of buying the game depends on the children who want it and of the parents who buy it to their kids. 3. Do video games producers bear any social responsibility whatsoever for the themes of gratuitous violence they reinforce or the messages they send about the treatment of women as sex objects? Yes completely, because they are transmitting to people who play their game Is that violence and women used as a sex object Is now a days normal and this will cause people to take that into reality. . If the answer of question 3 is yes, what steps do you recommend be taken to improve the current situation regarding the marketing of video games in the U. S. A? 1 . The government needs to be aware of what messages are video games are transmitting. 2. Video games producers need to take into account the damage that their video games will cause to their clients. 3. People need to take into account, hen b uying a video game, if they contain violence or sex. Firebombed Fitch 1. Is AF really using Quarterly to generate free publicly and to create a dimension of controversy and rebellion sometimes important to their youthful target market? Yes, AF is making teenagers to think of living life in another dimension and that is being rebellion, having sex, drink, use drugs, etc. They are making think teenagers that doing that stuff is normal. 2. If you were called in as an advisor to Jiffies, what would you tell him to do about he Quarterly? I will tell him to stop promoting AF through Quarterly because the magazine is classified as a dirty magazine and that is the image that AF is showing while promoting themselves through that Quarterly. 3. How does this case relate to the ethical theories/frameworks we have discussed? Companies will do anything to Increase their profits and become popular. AF Is causing a lot of controversy but in that way many people is getting to know AF and Is a way to call ten attention.

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation - Essay Example Before going to discuss three needs-based theories of motivation, let us get a better understanding of what motivation actually is. Motivation means to inspire people to make them achieve their personal or professional goals. In workplace settings, it is extremely important to motivate people to increase their productivity. Williams (2010) states, â€Å"Motivating people to do their best work, consistently, has been an enduring challenge for executives and managers†. Needs Theory by Douglas McClelland Douglas McClelland presented this theory of needs. The theorist reveals that there are three needs, which affect or shape the behaviors of people. Those needs include need for power, need for affiliation, and need for achievement. Power is another human need. In this world, every person has the desire to influence others in order to control their behaviors and actions but the level of desire to control other individual’s behaviors varies from person to person. People, who are motivated by power, want to dominate and shape other people’s views and behaviors. The need for achievement is another need of a person to achieve all personal and professional goals. People struggle in their lives to achieve their goals and objectives. Achievement of any type of goal makes people happy and confident. The third need is the need for affiliation. People want to make relationships with other people in order to remain active in the society.

LLb Law, Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LLb Law, Contract - Essay Example The general rule pertaining to advertisements is that an advertisement is not an offer to provide goods but only an invitation to treat. In the case of Spencer and Harding (1870), this rule was deemed valid even if the word â€Å"offer† was used in an advertisement and the customer is regarded as making the offer when he shows an intention to buy the goods, which a retailer has the right to accept of reject. The classical will theory of contract is based upon the notion that all obligations of the contract arise out of the individual will of the parties contracting freely. Such a contract is enforced because it represents a bargain made between the parties on the basis of an exchange of goods having taken place. Therefore, in the case of Allsports sales to its customers, there has been an exchange of goods – the customers have purchased 200 pounds worth of goods in exchange for which they are to receive free tickets to the next test match between England and Australia i n Melbourne. But applying the principle of the advertisement being only an invitation to treat, no breach of law can be said to have taken place, as was established in the case of Pharmaceutical Society of GB v Boots Cash chemists 1952. A contract represents an exchange whereby an offer is made by one party which is accepted by another party. In this case, Allsports has made an offer to its customers which has been accepted by them. The advertisement placed by Allsports in the National Press in effect, makes a promise to a customer purchasing more than 200 pounds worth of goods, a free ticket to the test match. According to Charles Fried, a person who makes a promise is morally bound to keep it because that person has "intentionally invoked a convention whose function it is to give grounds - moral grounds - for another to expect the promised performance." (Fried, 1982, p16), thereby summarizing the concept of contract as a legally enforceable promise (Williston, 1920). The central

The difference Between Indonesian and Amercian Culture Research Paper

The difference Between Indonesian and Amercian Culture - Research Paper Example In this way, they vary in social, religious, and language functions that contribute in the virtues and traits that people adhere to. The Indonesian and American culture have different characteristics as discussed below (Wanning). Indonesian Culture The Indonesian culture is basically focused on their ethnic customs and a bit of foreign practices. Their official language is called Indonesian or in their terms â€Å"Bahasa Indonesian† which was formed through the Malay dialect. There are other regional dialects that the people of Indonesian use like Minangkabau or Javanese, which are spoken at home, or social places. However, the official language â€Å"Indonesian† is acceptable in schools, official functions, and at workplaces (Forshee 47). Indonesians appreciate the value of communal effort by coming together in groups, village, or island to complete tasks. They mainly define themselves in terms of ethnic setting, family, and birth place. Indonesian family structure is largely traditional in nature while members of the family adhere to strict roles and interdependence eon each other. Hierarchical relationships are vital to ensure that respect is given to individuals with status, power, position, and even age. This is common in the village administration and office where the senior person has the right to generate ideas and decisions. The superiors are refereed by â€Å"bapak† or â€Å"ibu† which is a title that means leader, father, or madam (Forshee 44). Indonesian strive to maintain group unity and therefore, the idea of â€Å"face† is crucial. It is apparent that the people try enormously to avoid causing shame â€Å"malu† especially in public places. In this way, they watch how they speak and interact by avoiding behaviors of ridicule or shouting at another person. In the same manner, they ensure that one does not blame another in public. For instance, they phrase words in a way that the other individual would not be offended even when being turned down. It is actually true that the words â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no† have more than twelve meanings for each of them that are used politely (â€Å"The Latest! Cultural Clues†¦.†). Greetings within the Indonesian community take a formal notion and this is appreciated as a way of showing respect. Handshakes is the form of greeting and followed by the term â€Å"Selamat,† while most Indonesians often give a slight bow, or place the hands on the heart after the hand shake. When a visitor is introduced a group of people, one must greet the eldest person first and use their titles to show respect. When it comes to giving gifts the process will be determined by the ethnicity of the receiver. For instance, is a person is of Chinese Indonesian descent, it is good to initially refuse a gift before taking it. This is an indication that the receiver is not a greedy person and therefore acceptable in the community. This community also advocates that items like scissors and knives cannot be given as gifts because it signifies trying to split a relationship. For Indonesian Muslims alcohol is forbidden and all gifts must be â€Å"halal.† Items that are not halal are things that include alcoholic components and those with pork byproducts like gelatin. Gifts must be given to the receiver using the right hand only to indicate respect and should not be unwrapped immediately (â€Å"The Latest! Cultural Clues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Dining i s done in a relaxed and organized manner in Indonesian culture. Food is set in the middle and visitors have to wait for an invitation before beginning to eat. Dressing among Indonesians is conservative especially among the women. Women put on clothes that must cover everywhere including the ankles and neck. In business

The Condition of the Working Class in england Analysis

The Condition of the Working Class in england Analysis Originally written in German as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England, The Condition of the Working Class in England, published in 1845 is a study of the proletarians in Victorian England. It was also Friedrich Engels first book, written during his stay in Manchester from 1842 to 1844. He was only 24 years old and son of a German textile manufacturer. He was sent to Manchester to work in a British textile firm owned by his father. Manchester was then at the very heart of the Industrial Revolution, and Engels compiled his study from his own observations and detailed contemporary reports as he immediately states in the Preface to the German Edition that we will analyse further on. It was his research methods which led to the conclusion regarding the structural inequalities which were, and are, inherent in the capitalist system. After considering other historians point of view in this essay I will argue that Engels and his book can indeed be considered reliable. Engels arrived in Manchester at almost the worst period of what was certainly the most catastrophic slump of the nineteenth century.  [1]  He shows that in large industrial cities mortality from disease, as well as death-rates for workers were higher than in the countryside. In cities like Manchester and Liverpool mortality from smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough was four times as high as in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high as in the countryside. The overall death-rate in Manchester and Liverpool was significantly higher than the national average (one in 32.72 and one in 31.90 and even one in 29.90, compared with one in 45 or one in 46).  [2]   Engels has been accused of everything: from taking too gloomy an interpretation of the conditions of the British working class in 1844, to handling his material in a way which falls below generally accepted standards of scholarship by two Manchester University researchers W. H. Chaloner and W. O. Henderson in 1958.  [3]  The British Marxist Historian Eric Hobsbawm, on the other hand, has defended his account vigorously in his book Labouring Men. Most of the people accepted Engels account as standards, even if they disagreed with the analysis and the conclusions and was consistently in print and widely regarded by non-Marxist historians as a reliable account which they could safely recommend to their students.  [4]   Nonetheless gloomy interpretations have been made by a number of other historians or writers such as Elisabeth Gaskell in her social novels Mary Barton or North and South, J.Philips Kay, contemporaries and contemporary journalists and also official reports like the ones used by Engels himself, the Report to the Home Secretary from the Poor-Law Commissioners or Observations on the Management of the Poor in Scotland and its Effects on the Health of Great Towns or the First Report of the Commissioners for Inquiry into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts. Far more gloomy descriptions have been written down in the same year by a number of other people. Engels clearly does not want to impress, scare or disgust his readers, he gives details, facts and numbers, you can tell that he both used his personal experience of living in Manchester, when he says I have rarely come out of Manchester on such an evening (Saturday) without meeting numbers of people staggering and seeing others lying in the gutter.  [5]  He uses a number of different sources too, from Dr Kays The Moral and Physical Conditions of the Working Class, to Carlyles Chartism (London, 1840) and many more. Conditions in England were bad, filthy. People lived in an ill-ventilated and abominable state. Engels did not exaggerate at all as he personally states: I am forced to admit that instead of being exaggerated, it is far from black enough to convey a true impression of the filth, ruin, and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health which characterize the construction of this single district (Old Town of Manchester), containing at least twenty to thirty thousand inhabitants.  [6]  These descriptions are not even a bit revolting compared to the ones of Edwin Chadwick, Secretary of the Poor-Law Commissioners. He in fact writes: The scene which these places present at night is one of the most lamentable description; the crowded state of the beds, filled promiscuously with men, women, and children; the floor covered over with the filthy and ragged clothes they have just put off, and with their various bundles and packages containing al l the property they possess, mark the depraved and blunded state of their feelings, and the moral and social disorder which exists. The suffocating stench and heat of the atmosphere are almost intolerable to a person coming from the open air, and plainly indicates its insalubrity.  [7]   Even worse is the Report of the General Board of Health on the Epidemic Cholera: The worst circumstance about these slaughter-houses is the accumulation of an enormous quantity of animal and vegetable matter in large holes, where they lie festering, fermenting and putrefying together, and from which there is a constant emanation of offensive vapour poisoning the atmosphere (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I have seen persons heaving and vomiting. As to the houses, it is utterly impossible to keep the stench out by closed windows; every room is pervaded by it. I am myself obliged to put a handkerchief over my nose and mouth scented with spirits. Most of the neighbours awake with headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. It is one of the most disgusting sights to see the loading of charts; scores of yards of green, blue, or yellow putrid entails hang in festoons over the sides and wheels. I have also seen coagulated blood, and sometimes the whole stuff of a brownish red colour from this addition.  [8 ]   For honesty of intentions I also have to say that other reliable witnesses during the Industrial Revolutions such as British Conservative Statesman and literary figure Benjamin Disraeli or Alexis De Tocqueville in his Journeys to England Ireland do not regard the conditions of the British workers as significantly as Engels or Elisabeth Gaskell. Journeys to England and Ireland heralds Friedrich Engels Conditions of the Working Class in England, but although Tocqueville had been struck by the unhappy conditions of the English working people, he does not seem to have been in touch with Chartist activities in those years.  [9]  Benjamin Disraeli publishes his novel Sybil or The Two Nations trying to trace the difficulties of working classes in England, but then makes one of his characters say that statistics proved that the general condition of the people was much better at this moment than it had been at any known period of history.  [10]  This statistical argument was continue d and affirmed by Professor Silberling and for a generation the cheerful school (Chaloner and Henderson) pinned their faith primarily to him.  [11]  He constructed an index of money wages and of the cost of living for the first half of the nineteenth century and, combining both, arrived at the conclusion that the real wages of the working-class had risen. But he was wrong, because we know that the money-wage rates of a good many, generally skilled workers on time rates, and a lot on piece rates, which are, of course, not very helpful by themselves. We know next to nothing of what people actually earned. How much overtime or short time did they work? How often were they unemployed and for how long? As for the cost of living theory it was equally shaky because it was largely based on guesswork. Chaloner and Henderson point out Engels slips and minor errors, which even Hobsbawm admit that are very numerous. Normally, if a book is full of minor errors and transcription mistakes, it is normal to consider it dishonest, but not in this case. We have to focus on the nature of these inaccuracies. He has been accused to not quote bluebooks textually. A bluebook is a publication that establishes the correct form of case citations or of references to a legal authority showing where information can be found.  [12]  For example he wrote 16 years when the source said 17, he wrote that a sample of children was drawn from one Sunday school, whereas it was two, and so on. This could reduce the credibility of the book, it is true, but in any case readers that want to quote blue-books, should go to the original source in any case. Not that Engels is unreliable: in actual fact, the concrete cases where Engels slips or bias are alleged to have led him to give a wrong or misleading impressi on of the facts, can be counted on the fingers of two hands, and some of the accusations are wrong.  [13]   The first point to make is that most of the descriptions in The Condition of the Working Class in England are not those of Engels himself, but are taken from contemporary reports. Engels used a vast amount of material throughout his book. On a very rough count he used over 30 reports and articles, a number of the second from the Journal of the Statistical Society of London, over 25 official documents, including those of various Commissions of Enquiry (Childrens Employment, 1842 and 1843; Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population, 1842) and reports of Hansards Parliamentary Debates (1843 and 1844) and almost 60 newspaper articles. It is true that the majority (30) of the newspaper items were taken from the Northern Star, the central organ of the Chartists, but he also used the Manchester Guardian (10 items) and The Times (8 items) quite extensively. Engels himself says in the Preface to the German Edition:  [14]   Whenever I lacked official documents for describing the condition of the industrial workers, I always preferred to present proof from Liberal sources in order to defeat the liberal bourgeoisie by casting their own words in their teeth. I cited Tories or Chartists in my support only when I could confirm their correctness from personal observation or was convinced of the truthfulness of the facts quoted because of the personal or literary reputation of the authorities I referred to. Always in the Preface to the German Edition he says that he may have made some minor mistakes:  [15]   I know equally well that here and there I may be proved wrong in some particular of no importance, something that in view of the comprehensive nature of the subject, and its far-reaching assumptions, even an Englishman might be unable to avoid; so much the more since even in England there exists as yet not a single piece of writing which, like mine, takes up all the workers. But without a moments hesitation I challenge the English bourgeoisie to prove that even in a single instance of any consequence for the exposition of my point of view as a whole I have been guilty of any inaccuracy or to prove it by data as authentic as mine. Another way of discrediting Engels is to argue that the sources he uses are unpresentative or selective. Henderson and Chaloner say: These blue-books (or books, or pamphlets, or articles) were not disinterested searches for truth. They were compiled by reformers, passionately anxious to abolish certain abuses (or by revolutionaries, passionately anxious to discredit capitalism). Therefore they picked out the worst cases, because these would cause most public indignation.  [16]  But the exact same things and stories came out from nineteenth-century novelist that are reliable without statistics, partly because they are good observers, partly because the episodes described are far from unlikely. There is no strong evidence to the contrary, so why shouldnt we believe Engels? Chaloner and Henderson have tried really hard to shake the gloomy view of the condition of the British labouring people in the first half of the nineteenth-century, they have tried firmly to discredit Engels book , checking every source, discovering every omission and mistake, not to mention some which are not even there. No other book has been subjected to such systematic and scrupulous hostile examination.  [17]  Having basically failed in their attempt to discredit the book, they started affirming that the conditions were awful, but it was not the fault of capitalism, but of the workers themselves that self-induced poverty because of the expenditure on drink, gambling and tobacco. As we already said one of the main reasons that helps us understand why Engels is a reliable witness of the Industrial Revolution is the Preface to the First German Edition where he clearly explains sources and terminology used. We previously analysed the sources, what is now important to understand is the terminology, that always makes things clear from the beginning and leaves no space to misunderstanding. He therefore states:  [18]   I have used the world Mittelklasse all along in the sense of the English word middle class (or middle classes, as is said almost always). Like the French word bourgeoisie it means the possessing class, specifically that possessing class which is differentiated from the so-called aristocracy the class which in France and England is directly and in Germany, figuring as public opinion, indirectly in possession of political power. Similarly, I have continually used the expressions working men (Arbeiter) and proletarians, working class, propertyless class, and proletariat as equivalents. This shows how careful and precise he was. He was very meticulous even when it comes to the structure of his writing: at the end of every chapter he summarizes and repeats the important parts. He wants no confusion, he wants his writing and therefore what he believes and argues to be as clear as possible. For example in a footnote, he clearly states that Dr Kay occasionally confuses the working class in general with the factory workers, but then underlines how excellent the pamphlet is.  [19]   Engels in the fifth chapter, clearly states that he wants to demonstrate that the bourgeoisie is responsible, as a ruling class, for the murder of working-men. The ruling power of society is the class which holds social and political control and therefore bears the responsibility for the conditions of proletarians. Engels is not surprised about what the workers have become given the circumstances they are living in. Obviously their physical, mental and moral status is so badly damaged that they cannot reach an advantage age. He consequently states that their only enjoyments are sexual indulgence and drunkenness to the point of complete exhaustion of their mental and physical energies.  [20]  He blames the society and the bourgeoisie, all throughout his book, making a relation with modern international Socialism, that in 1844 did not yet exist. Engels in the Preface to the English Edition writes that the ideas in his book represent one of the phases of Socialisms embryonic develop ment. Marx, a very good friend of Engels, used his ideas to build up the theory of Communism as the emancipation of society at large, including the capitalist class, from its narrow conditions. The book was received with great approval in socialist circles. For many workers it was the first time they had been aware of the possibility of a working-class movement. However, the revolutionary conclusions within the text were deplored by bourgeois critics, even though they recognized the accuracy of Engels observations. These conclusions might have been revolutionary, but we have to say that they are the result of his research methods and not a preconceived theory of revolution. Engels did not have a theoretical analysis in which to seek the social conditions that would fit his perspective. His early writings such as this book pre-date both his contact with radical thinkers of the time and the formulation of socialist theories. Engels life experience and observations illustrate how the t heory stated in The Condition was informed by reality and shock for what he saw. Engels starting point was therefore not theoretical, but the raw observed facts of capitalist society.  [21]   However what Marx would have probably never done, is describe the Irish as Engels did in chapter 4: Irish Immigration. Yes, Engels by writing this book was trying to support the working class, by blaming disease, poverty and bad conditions on the bourgeoisie. Because of this, of his background thoughts and because of him trying to politically agitate and politically condemn the English middle class, he should have described with a bit more tact the condition of Little Ireland. He should have said that it was because of the industrial revolution and because of the society in which they were force to live, that they were in such awful conditions. He sort of did this at the end of the chapter by stating: What else should he (the Irishman) do? How can society blame him when it places him in a position in which he almost of necessity becomes a drunkard; when it leaves him to himself, to his savagery?.  [22]  However before that we see that not even Engels was immune to racial prejudic e when he describes Little Ireland as a group of a few hundred mean cottages set in masses of refuse, offal and sickening filth, populated by a horde of ragged women and children swarming about here, as filthy as the swine that thrive upon the garbage heaps and in the puddles. The race that lives in these ruinous cottages, behind broken windows (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), this race must really have reached the lowest stage of humanity. That race, he argued, was disposed by nature and environment to careless and feckless behaviour, and had brought its dirty habits with it into the hearts of the great English and Scottish towns. Filth and drunkenness, too, they have brought with them, importing a mud cabin level of existence into Britain and degrading and corrupting the English workers through their presence and their competition in the labour market.  [23]  Engels made the mistake of confusing the effects of poverty and ignorance on the poor devil, for the effects of racial characteristic s, but the physical conditions of Little Ireland undoubtedly existed as Engels described them. In conclusion I can affirm, along with historians such as Hobsbawm and using David McLellan words that Engels descriptions can be taken, by and large, as probably the best piece of contemporary evidence that we have available to us.  [24]  The Condition of the Working Class in England is an astonishingly precocious work that recapitulates earlier and contemporary complaints about the damage to human beings created by the rise of industrial capitalism. Seeking to denounce the bourgeoisie for its cruel enslavement and exploitation of the proletariat, his work has still to be considered reliable and accurate. Engels took us through the slums of Manchester and other industrial cities, making us realize and fully understand the disintegration of the individual, the demoralizing influences of poverty, dirt and low environment a disorderly confusion that has been indeed brought by the devastating effects of the industrial society.  [25]  

Mary Shellys Frankenstein - A Victim of Society Essay -- Frankenstein

Mary Shelly's Frankenstein - A Victim of Society The creature Victor Frankenstein describes in Mary Shelly's Frankenstein is far from a villain, at least in the traditional sense. This creature is a victim of circumstance, scarred by society, and scorned by its own creator. Contrary to the Christian belief in original sin, I sympathize with the monster's view on life when he states: "I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend" (Shelly 78). I disagree with the idea that all men are born sinners, I feel that all men are born pure and clean. It is only their future actions that make them imperfect. A true relationship between the monster and Victor never existed. Victor is similar to a man who fathers a child only for the pleasure of "doing it," ignoring the circumstances it may bring. Victor was so thrilled to see the components of his creation coming together - indeed it was truly a thing of beauty to him. But like the biological father, he is only excited over the thrill of "doing it." After the sensation and pleasure of creation ends responsibility begins and Victor, like our modern day deadbeat dads, refuses to face the consequences of his actions. Any relationship that existed between these two was simply that of usury - except the currency was not gold or silver, but fame and pride. Victor hoped to use his creation in a selfish manner, only to gain recognition for himself. So what did the creature gain from all of this? He certainly was not the recipient of any pleasure. And as far as exploitation, he never had a chance to exploit his creator, his creator only exploited and abandoned him. The monster is not merely a madman murdering random individuals; he is a creation of war, fightin... ...reature for his wrongs. Frankenstein should teach us an important lesson about our own society. We have to be careful not to assume everyone has had the same opportunity as the next man, or to assume a person is nothing more than a misfit because he stumbled into some trouble. When the creature mourns over Victor's dead body, we see he is human like anyone else. He cries, he apologizes, and he breaks down. Like going to jail . . . where a person is broke down and circumstance prompts them to ponder the situation they have fallen into. Most so-called criminals in America are not evil; they are victims of a society, situation, or lack of knowledge that has put them in that position - just like the monster. Work Cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992

Competitive Strategies Essay

Coca-Cola (Coke) and Pepsi-Cola (Pepsi) are two major cola companies competing for the number one spot in a substantial global cola market, and is known for the most notable ongoing battles between two major cola companies to date. Fortunately, for both companies, the cola beverage industry stretches to nearly every corner of the world. However, with such a vast market and immense revenue capabilities it is no wonder that the Coke versus Pepsi competition is still so intense (Coke vs. Pepsi, 2012). In the paragraphs to follow this paper will determine how Coke and Pepsi’s corporate cultures are different from each other, review three ways the Coke and Pepsi culture have benefited each other when competing, and consider how Pepsi and Coke could continue to thrive if its current corporate culture would have to change in the future. Coca-Cola has a passion for success. Leaders strive to build a better future, and have the reliability to be real, and accountable. In addition, leaders continue to seek, imagine, create, delight, and do what they do well by using principles that transform a desire into an accomplishment. There is no single formula needed to succeed, and Coke allows employees to explore his or her creative abilities, the freedom to research new ideas, and to have a setting which allows anyone to make his or her passion come to life (The Coca-Cola Company, 2009). Pepsi, on the other hand, likes to perform with a purpose, burn new trails, never settle to be second best, be bigger, better, and successful together. Pepsi is committed to giving consumers the taste he or she craves, and meet nutritional needs. By dreaming globally and acting locally Pepsi is consistently seeking to innovate and sustain the people, the planet, the communities and business they serve. Fortunately, new markets make way for new ventures, new ways to focus on health issues, cultural, and ecological encounters. Every day is a journey, and a chance to grow personally and professionally (PepsiCo, 2012). Although there are countless similarities between Pepsi and Coke the history behind these two rivals are far from being the same. For instance, in 1885, a pharmacist named John Stith Pemberton created Coke as a tonic. At the time, the key element being cocaine (thus the name â€Å"coke†) targeted the fact that it could essentially fight depression. However, because of the nature of the drug, users were becoming addicted to the drink. In 1904, Cocaine was eradicated in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which meant that this key ingredient would have to change. Still, Coke retained its name and continues to promote its beverage through aggressive advertising (Smith, 2012). Even though it came along fourteen years later (1898), pharmacist Caleb Bradham, intends for Pepsi to be Coke’s main competitor. Like Coke, Pepsi also placed heavy emphasis on advertising, and continues to challenge its rival through advertising. Pepsi likes to use celebrities, presenting itself as a drink for sports fans, in addition to promoting an image of originality. Whereas Coke represents fun times only, Pepsi represents fun times, athletics, and custom made ideas (Smith, 2012). Regardless of what many may think, both cola drinks are similar in color, use the same amount of carbon dioxide, and even the taste is quite similar. However, both companies used different natural extracts from the coca nut in the past, now each rely on artificial flavors and man-made components (notably, Pendergrast 87). Nevertheless, both Pepsi and Coke are intended to serve as recreational drinks notably identified with some sort of entertainment, parties, fun, and yes, sex, but the biggest difference between these two colas is history, and efforts, which have defined each of these brands (Smith, 2012). Marketing and advertising are a vital part of the war between Pepsi and Coke. Both companies are smart enough to know that regardless of which beverage consumers choose to purchase may not always be based on taste preference. Although there are those who really do favor the taste of either cola, one has to wonder how the consumer’s emotional attachment comes in to play when making a choice. Both Pepsi and Coke spend a fair amount of money to sponsor music events, sporting events, TV shows, in addition to other high profile happenings. Each company realizes that this can play a huge role in product selection with members of these audiences. However, it is no accident that Pepsi and Coke sponsor highly emotional events such as the Super Bowl or American Idol because it creates an emotional connection to the product (Coke vs. Pepsi, 2012). To date, Pepsi and Coke have had a long sordid history of abundant marketing which, in the end, has produced loyal customers as well as brand equity all over the world. This in and of itself makes it nearly impossible for any new cola beverage to come close to this scale in the market place. Not to mention retailers receive a margin of 15 to 20 percent on the shelf space offered for these particular soft drinks, and since this will impact the bottom line competitors have a tough time convincing retailers to carry a new line of products. For new products to enter the market now could also lead to price wars which can affect the success or failure of a new comer to the soft drink industry (Vulpala, 2007). Nevertheless, Pepsi and Coke have benefited greatly from this ongoing competition. Although Coke has been around longer, and is the original cola soft drink, Pepsi has been able to build its business by imitating its formula. Imitation can be critical when it comes to creating a constant competitive advantage. However, if alternate resources provide a similar product at no additional cost, then substituting through duplicating leads to driven equality in the long run (Barney, 1995). Even so, Pepsi and Coke face unique challenges in addition to new opportunities with globalization, and it has not put a damper on the intense rivalry between the two. Although Coke did dominate the international market share in 1999, because Pepsi made its entrance into the market much later and Coke already had distribution and bottling networks set up in developed markets (Vulpala, 2007). Still, Pepsi has aggressively sought competition in economies where Coke is not as dominant, and due to lack of consolidation, international fountain and retail sales are somewhat weaker than that of the US markets. This, by the way, gives Pepsi, and Coke better pricing power, as well as influence over other similar products. Unfortunately, carbonated beverage consumption is much lower in international markets compared to US markets. However, since there are cultural differences in international markets, alternatives are available, but Pepsi and Coke will have to spend more on advertising dollars to convince consumers in these markets to embrace carbonated beverages (Vulpala, 2007). Regardless, Pepsi and Coke are able sustain profits because of the structure within the industry has been kept intact for several decades. Fortunately, there are no new threats on the horizon from new competition, and apparently no major changes are showing up on radar. Changes in technology will not play a major role for either company, and since both have been around long enough to gather brand parity, it can sustain and diversify their businesses for a very long time. However, globalization has opened up numerous opportunities for Pepsi and Coke, and although consumption is not as big in international markets as it is in US markets, there are still endless opportunities for growth (Vulpala, 2007). References Barney, J. B. (1995). Looking inside for Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(4). Coke vs. Pepsi. (2012). Coke vs. Pepsi: Who Gets Your Vote? Retrieved from http://cokevspepsi. net/ PepsiCo. (2012). Performance with a Purpose. Why Work at PepsiCo? Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/Careers/Why-Work-at-PepsiCo/Culture. html The Coca-Cola Company. (2009). Our People, Culture, Vision and Values. Retrieved from http://www. europeancareers. coca-cola. com/en/home/our-company/our-people-culture-vision-values/ Smith, N. (2012). Coke versus Pepsi: Differences in Cultural History Rather than Taste. Retrieved from http://www. articlemyriad. com/coke-pepsi-differences-cultural-history-taste/ Vulpala, L. G. (2007). Cola Wars: Five Forces Analysis. Goutham’s Thoughts. Retrieved from http://goutham. wordpress. com/2007/10/18/cola-wars-five-forces-analysis/

Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essays

Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essays Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essay Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essay Crispin, a homosexual adult male, is employed by Sun Loungers Syndicate, a private company. Crispin is little, at merely over five pess, and has often been subjected to strong-arming at work by co-workers. The intimidation and torment involves both physical and verbal maltreatment, and consequences non merely from Crispin s sexual orientation but besides from the fact that he is brighter and more capable than any of his co-workers, including the proprietor and pull offing manager, who encourages the intimidation. Crispin has complained to the pull offing manager on a figure of occasions but has merely been told that he should move like a adult male and expression after himself. Recently one of Crispin s co-workers intentionally removed Crispin s chair as Crispin was about to sit down. As Crispin fell he put his manus out to seek and salvage himself but broke his carpus as a consequence. Crispin besides banged his caput really to a great extent on the land as he fell. The pull offing manager telephoned Crispin s homosexual spouse, Quentin, who instantly took Crispin to the Accident and Emergency Department of the Malheantun Hospital where a junior physician ordered X raies of his carpus, which was so put in plaster. The junior physician without analyzing Crispin s caput gave Crispin a prescription for paracetamol and told him that he would likely hold a sore caput for a few hours but that it would be better by the forenoon. In fact Crispin suffered terrible hurting in his caput for several hours until he finally lost consciousness. Crispin was rushed in an ambulance back to Malheantun Hospital and on the manner his bosom stopped but he was finally revived. At the infirmary Crispin s bosom stopped once more and he was revived once more. Doctors carried out a encephalon scan which revealed that Crispin had suffered a monolithic bleeding to the encephalon and extended encephalon harm as a consequence of a failure to handle it earlier. Quentin sat wit h Crispin who died two hours subsequently without recovering consciousness. A elaborate station mortem scrutiny revealed that the bleeding was ab initio non-life threatening and that if Crispin had been decently examined on his first visit to the infirmary, the status could hold been easy diagnosed and treated, and he would hold made a complete recovery. Quentin later suffers from station traumatic emphasis upset as a consequence of seeing his spouse dice in such fortunes. See the likely result of any claims that may be brought in carelessness: a ) against Sun Loungers Syndicate for Crispin s hurts ; and B ) against Malheantun Hospital for Crispin s decease ; and degree Celsiuss ) by Quentin against Malheantun Hospital for Quentin s psychiatric hurt. I would wish to get down by measuring ( B ) ; whether or non Crispin’s estate may be able to mount a successful action against Malheantun Hospital in the civil wrong of carelessness, for the analysis contained within will turn out to hold a ulterior bearing on our appraisal of ( a ) ; whether or non Crispin’s Estate may be able to mount a successful claim against his ex-employers, Sunloungers Syndicate, for his hurts, and/or decease. B ) against Malheantun Hospital for Crispin s decease In order to mount a successful claim in the civil wrong of carelessness against Malheantun Hospital, we must foremost set up the being of a responsibility of attention, and find the criterion of that responsibility. There is small uncertainty that any physician owes his patient a responsibility of attention ; even the earliest definitions of this construct have used the physician patient scenario as an example. It is nevertheless the finding of the criterion of this responsibility which may take to some contention ; the criterion of this responsibility, whist supposedly nonsubjective in nature, i.e. non taking the personal foibles of the suspect into history, will be modified in visible radiation of the professional position of the suspect ; in our instance nevertheless, whilst the physician in inquiry was merely a junior employee, it is improbable that the tribunal will let this doctor’s rawness to take down the duty-standard sufficiently to forbid Crispin’s claim. This was settled in the instance of Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [ 1987 ] . In this instance it was held that the criterion was to be set by mention to the station held by the suspect in the unit that he operat ed. Of class the junior physician will non be expected to show the attention and accomplishment of a adviser, but he will still be expected to exert a high criterion of attention ; viz. , that of a competent physician. The precise criterion of the responsibility and the inquiry of whether or non this responsibility has been breached in our instance will be left up to the appropriate Judgess to make up ones mind [ Glasgow Corporation v Muir [ 1943 ] A.C. 448 at 457 ] . In our instance we are told that the encephalon haemorrhaging was a direct consequence of the carelessness of the go toing junior doctor, and if it was this which caused Crispin to decease, so without a uncertainty the physician should be held apt for what can merely by described as a fatal mistake on his portion, and an mistake which one would non anticipate of a reasonably competent physician. The facts nevertheless suggest that in fact it may hold been a cardiac apprehension which caused Crispin to decease. There is no indicant that it was the encephalon bleeding which caused Crispin to hold the apprehension, and as such, we can non be certain that the carelessness of the physician even contributed to his decease. If medical grounds could be admitted turn outing that the cardiac apprehension was a direct consequence of the junior doctor’s carelessness, so a successful claim against the Hospital Committee seems likely. If nevertheless no nexus can be established, so neither can a concatenation of causing associating the infirmary to Crispin’s decease, and the claim will doubtless neglect. In world it seems likely that it was the haemorrhaging which caused Crispin to endure a cardiac apprehension and dice, and as such I would reason that a claim against the Hospital for the vicarious liability of their employee, would be successful. The load of turn outing whether it was the haemorrhaging or non which lead to the cardiac apprehension will fall on the claimant [ as per Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [ 1997 ] 4 All ER 771 ] . a ) against Sun Loungers Syndicate for Crispin s hurts Crispin is an employee of Sun Loungers Syndicate, and as such is owed a particular common jurisprudence responsibility of attention by his employers. This responsibility was defined by Lord Wright, in the landmark instance of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English [ 1938 ] AC 57 as the proviso of a competent staff of work forces, equal stuff, and a proper system with effectual supervision.’ The responsibility to supply a competent staff of work forces, includes the responsibility for an employer to develop and oversee his staff efficaciously. In our instance, it seems that Crispin’s employers were non right set abouting such supervising, and as such, may be apt for hurts suffered by Crispin as a consequence of this breach of responsibility. Let us measure the strength of a claim by Crispin against his employers in the civil wrong of carelessness, for ( a ) the psychological hurts suffered, ( B ) the physical hurts sustained, and ; ( degree Celsius ) his decease. a ) In respects to any psychiatric harm which Crispin has suffered as a consequence of this intimidation ; allow us look at the guidelines in regard of actions by employees against employers for stress-induced psychiatric harm, as set out by the Court of Appeal in Sutherland v Hatton [ 2002 ] EWCA Civ 76. In this instance it was stated that the threshold inquiry was whether or non the sort of injury suffered by the peculiar employee in inquiry was moderately foreseeable. It was besides stated that foreseeability depended upon the fact available to the employer, including whether the employee in inquiry gave any marks that would hold made such hurt foreseeable. In our instance, Crispin’s employers were informed of what was traveling on, and in fact seemed to take portion in the intimidation procedure themselves, and hence I have no uncertainty that should Crispin wish to claim for any psychiatric hurt caused by strong-arming at work, so the jurisprudence would happen that his e mployers were under a responsibility, and that their failure to take sensible stairss to forestall such torment, despite being informed of its being, would represent a breach of that responsibility. B ) In respects to the physical hurts which Crispin has suffered as a consequence of the intimidation against him ; presuming breach of the responsibility which arises by virtuousness of Crispin’s employment position, we must, in order to mount a successful claim for amendss, argue that the harm suffered was non so distant as to fall outside the range of sensible amendss, and that the harm suffered was as a direct consequence of the hurts inflicted by Crispin’s fellow employees. The physical hurt in inquiry was a broken carpus, although there may hold been farther physical hurts ensuing from a old period of sustained torment by his fellow colleagues. Let us concentrate on the broken carpus, for this is the lone physical hurt [ apart from Crispin’s subsequent decease ] , which is described in the facts provided. There is no uncertainty that this hurt was caused by the misconduct of the employees of the Syndicate in both jurisprudence and fact ; after all, the carpus would non hold been broken but for’ the action of traveling Crispin’s chair from under him [ as per the trial in Barnett v Kensington and Chelsea Hospital Management Committee [ 1969 ] 1 Q.B. 428 ] . I would therefore conclude that Crispin’s estate would hold small trouble in mounting a successful claim against Crispin’s ex-employers for their vicarious actions. ( degree Celsius ) In respects to a similar claim against the Syndicate for Crispin’s decease nevertheless, we immediately find ourselves with a job ; there is small uncertainty that Crispin would non hold died had his colleagues non pulled his chair out from under him in an act of intimidation, fulfilling the but for’ demand of causation in fact’ as per Barnett v Kensington and Chelsea Hospital Management Committee [ 1969 ] 1 Q.B. 428 but similarly, Crispin would likely non hold died had the go toing doctor performed a standard everyday caput scrutiny, or had Crispin non suffered from a cardiac apprehension [ presuming that the encephalon bleeding did non do such apprehension ( see above ) ] . Crispin’s employers may therefore argue that they are vicariously apt for their employee’s actions against Crispin, but that the decease suffered was non as a direct consequence of these action ; in kernel therefore, Crispin’s employers may reason that the doctor’s negligence/ Crispin’s cardiac apprehension served as anovus actus interveniens, i.e. an intervening cause which served to interrupt the concatenation of causing. Assuming that the haemorrhaging was proved to hold caused the apprehension which subsequently lead to Crispin’s decease, so the Syndicate may be successful in this defense mechanism ; step ining negligent medical intervention can sometimes be deemed to hold broken the concatenation of causing between an initial hurt and an exasperation of the hurt due to the medical intervention. However, this is non ever the instance. The issue comes down to an appraisal of whether or non the intervening act was independent of the original hurt. The job is that there is no strong organic structure of instance jurisprudence explicating precisely how this appraisal should be made. In The Oropesa [ 1943 ] , Lord Wright held that the intervening act in inquiry, viz. the master’s action in taking to the boat, should non be allowed to represent anovus actus intervieniensfor the intents of get the better ofing an action against the proprietors of the Manchester Regiment, ’ upon whom th e custodies of the casualty lay heavily’ [ Lord Wright, p32 at 37 ] . Even Lord Evans found this ultroneous’ assessment standard slightly doubtful, saying that, in this instance, for some ground Lord Wright found it necessary to travel outside the dictionary†¦ in order to place the sort of fortunes in which the suspect might discontinue to be apt for what could otherwise be considered the effects of his act. As another usher to our appraisal, in Webb v Barclays Bank Plc [ 2001 ] EWCA Civ 1141, the step ining act of the physician was held to represent a valid interruption in the concatenation of causing, as the medical intervention in inquiry had been wholly inappropriate’ . In our instance, non merely did the decease of the Crispin lay to a great extent on the custodies of the negligent physician, but besides, the actions taking to the doctor’s carelessness were clearly inappropriate towards a patient who had suffered sever head hurt and who was kick ing of chronic caput hurting. In this instance hence, I feel that, despite the fact that Crispin’s colleagues were clearly acting culpably towards him, a tribunal would happen that the step ining carelessness of the physician in inquiry would justify a decision that these colleagues, and therefore the employers, were non vicariously apt, in jurisprudence, for the decease of Crispin. This decision is based on common sense, instead than logic [ the attack suggested in the instance of Knightly v Johns [ 1982 ] 1 W.L.R. 349, at 367 ] , as there is no existent manner to reliably foretell the result to a inquiry which in former times would hold been regarded as a inquiry for a jury [ as noted in Wright V Lodge [ 1993 ] 4 All ER 299 at 307 ] . On the other manus, if it is proved that it was non the hemorrhaging which caused the decease of Crispin, but instead some abnormalcy possessed by the victim which caused him to endure from a cardiac apprehension as a consequence of the autumn, so the ex-employers will be hard pressed to get away liability. The thin skull regulation after all is a long constituted rule of carelessness jurisprudence, and even though such harm would clearly hold been unforeseeable to the defendant’s employees, they will be held to the full apt for his decease [ Smith V Leech Brain [ 1962 ] 2 QB 405 ] . In order for such liability to be found, the claimant estate must turn out, on the balance of chances, that it was the falling off the chair which caused Crispin to endure from an unnatural cardiac apprehension. The mob could reason in their defence that the cardiac apprehension was an intervening natural event, along the same line of concluding as employed in the instance of Carslogie Steamship C ompany Ltd, V Royal Norse Government [ 1952 ] A.C. 292, although it seems improbable that they would be able to convincingly argue that the cardiac apprehension was in no manner prompted by the actions of their employees, i.e. that the cardiac apprehension occurred wholly independently of the initial accident. In world is seems likely that it was the hemorrhaging which caused the apprehension, and as such I would rede that a claim against the Syndicate for the decease of their employee would, in all chance, fail for causing. degree Celsiuss ) by Quentin against Malheantun Hospital for Quentin s psychiatric hurt. For this subdivision we must presume that the Hospital were negligently responsible for the decease of Crispin. The ground for this is as follows: Quentin does non hold a responsibility of attention owed to him by the Hospital, as he was non their patient. Therefore to mount a successful action against the Hospital, he must reason, amongst other things, that his close relationship to the victim and his immediate propinquity to the event, someway warranted the extension of their responsibility of attention to him besides. In the Alcock instance [ [ 1992 ] 1 AC 310 ] , Lord Oliver placed instances of nervous shock’ into two classs ; 1 ] those instances where the injured claimant was instantly involved, i.e. the rescue cases’ such as Chadwick v British Railways Board [ 1967 ] 1 WLR 912 or those instances where the claimant was placed in fright of their ain safety at the same clip as witnessing a traumatic event, such as Schneider V Eisovitch [ 1960 ] 2 QB 430 or Dulieu v White A ; Sons [ 1901 ] 2 KB 669, and ; 2 ] those instances where the claimant was non sufficiently involved to happen legal causing. If a instance should fall into the 2nd class, as ours does, so the rule inquiry is whether or non the type of hurt suffered by the claimant was moderately foreseeable. In order to reply this inquiry we must analyze the nature of the relationship between the claimant and Crispin, the propinquity of Quentin to the accident or its immediate aftermath’ , Quentin’s perceptual experience of the events and the manner by which the nervous daze was administered. In our instance, the relationship between Quentin and Crispin would be deemed sufficiently near to justify a determination of legal causing, as the relationship clearly involved close ties of love and affection’ [ the trial offered by Lord Keith in the instance of Alcock [ 1992 ] 1 AC 310, 397 ] . In relation to the inquiry of propinquity to the scene of the traumatic event ; Quentin was at the infirmary and sitting following to Crispin at the minute of his decease. It would therefore look that this portion of the foreseeability trial would be satisfied by the facts of our instance. Similarly, there is small job with the 3rd demand ; Quentin was present at the clip of decease, and hence no issues of 3rd party communicating etc can function to refute the foresee ability of Quentin’s psychological hurt. Sing the 4th issue, it is here where Quentin’s claim begins to interrupt down. In Alcock [ particularly Lord Ackner ] it was held that the psychological hurt suffered must be of a sort describable as nervous shock’ , i.e. that there must hold been a sudden grasp by sight or sound of a atrocious event, which violently agitated the head of the claimant’ . In our instance there was no such shocking’ event, and as such it seems likely that Quentin’s claim against the Hospital for the psychological hurt which he suffered as a consequence of witnessing the decease of his fellow, at the hand’s of the Hospital’s carelessness, would neglect for forseeability of harm.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Arthur

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Arthur Arthur is an English and Welsh surname with several possible meanings: Last name meaning strong man, from Ar, meaning man and thor, meaning strong.A surname meaning bear man, hero, or man of strength, from the Welsh arth, meaning bear and ur, an ending meaning man.From  the  Gaelic Artair, Middle Gaelic Artuir, both derived from the Old Irish art, meaning a bear. Surname Origin: English, Welsh, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings: ARTUR, ARTURS, ARTHOR Where in the World is the ARTHUR Surname Found? The Arthur surname is common today in New Zealand and Australia, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially the New Zealand districts of Stratford, Waimate, Hurunui, Central Otago, and Clutha. The Arthur last name is fairly evenly distributed throughout England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Surname distribution data from Forebears  indicates the Arthur surname is most prevalent in Ghana, where it ranks as the 14th most common surname in the nation. It is also relatively common in Australia (ranked 516th) and England (857th). Census data from 1881–1901 in the British Isles shows the Arthur surname was prevalent in the Shetland Isles of Scotland, Jersey in the Channel Islands, and Brecknockshire, Carmarthenshire, and Merionethshire in Wales. Famous People with the Last Name ARTHUR Chester A. Arthur - 21st President of the United StatesBea Arthur (born Frankel) - Emmy and Tony Award-winning American actress  Jean Arthur (stage name, born Gladys Georgianna Greene) -  American actress best known for her roles in films such as Mr. Smith Goes To Washington and The More The MerrierTimothy Shay Arthur (T. S. Arthur) - popular 19th-century American authorWilfred Arthur - WWII flying ace of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Genealogy Resources for the Surname ARTHUR Presidential Surname Meanings and OriginsDo the surnames of U.S. presidents really have more prestige than your average Smith and Jones? While the proliferance of babies named Tyler, Madison, and Monroe may seem to point in that direction, presidential surnames are really just a cross-section of the American melting pot.   Arthur Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Arthur family crest or coat of arms for the Arthur surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Arthur Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Arthur surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Arthur query. DistantCousin.com - ARTHUR Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Arthur. The Arthur Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Arthur from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Learning style inventory paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning style inventory paper - Essay Example The assessment of learning style in this assessment has used multi-intelligence theory, and as evident from the analysis, I although have different forms of intelligence, my predominant intelligence is intrapersonal. I have scored positive points in each of the questions posed in section 4, and according to this theory my intelligence is intrapersonal. This means I have ability of self-analysis and reflection. I can quietly contemplate my accomplishments. I often examine my own feelings and behaviour. I set goals for myself through examination of my abilities and through plans. In a nutshell, I have capacity to know myself. It also indicates I would benefit from learning myself with my own effort with preference for belonging to my own private world through independent and introspective learning. Since in most of the cases I focused on my thoughts and concentrated on my feelings I would say that my learning style is intrapersonal. The learning style is an important parameter for development of an educational programme. The learning style, as indicated by Dureva and Tuparov (2006), reflect the method of processing and accepting information by the learners. Therefore, while designing an educational programme, awareness of student learning styles would be very important (Dureva and Tuparov, 2006). Evans and Waring (2006) indicated in their study that although many of the differences of learning achievements between different cognitive styles were not apparent, at least the interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics of the wholists and the analytics were perceived to be important in designing a program of education. They are known to considerably impact the delivery and planning in the classroom. It has been concluded that if a truly inclusive educational program is intended to be designed, due consideration to the learning styles of the students must be paid (Evans and Waring, 2006). Applying Hoerr (2000) p rinciples, the

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications Assignment

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications of health, climate, extreme weather - Assignment Example There also exist the climate-inspired predictive approaches of transmission of diseases deemed infectious. Each approach adds value to the expansion of the inter-field efforts that aim to highlight influence of climatic changes and intense weather patterns on distribution of infectious diseases and trends of transmission. Chapter 4 analyses the implications of policies formulated and implemented in relation to the health effects of climatic changes and extreme weather occurrences. These policies are based on the basis of human mobility and patterns of migration of infectious diseases and as expected, the policies and mitigation efforts need to adopt more process-connected approaches rather than reaction/outcome based approaches. However, challenges touch on the public health implementations that seek to address climatic change implications and long overdue spotlight on single-disease threats as opposed to ‘long-term and systematic stresses’ that yield wide ranges of health implications. The above named website was created by the Climate Change Connection which is a Non-Governmental Organization that aims at educating people about climatic changes and also facilitates climate dynamic

It has been suggested that the 1960s was a response to the 1950s Essay

It has been suggested that the 1960s was a response to the 1950s Wonderbread Years. cite your position on this argument. (use - Essay Example Though on the surface the United States in the 1950s was a place of growth and opportunity, just below that surface simmered a riptide of dissent. Segregation was still alive, and Jim Crow laws throughout the South kept the African-American population oppressed (Lindop and DeCapua 58). In 1954, the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education ruled segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and in 1957 that decision was enforced in Little Rock, Arkansas (Lindop and DeCapua 60). Due to this and other court rulings regarding segregation, the 1960s saw a strong Civil Rights Movement sweep across the United States. African-Americans sent word to the entire nation that in the eyes of the law they were now thought of as equal; thus, they would solider on until society accepted them as such. In Greensboro, North Carolina, four African-American students waged a sit-in at a previously segregated, all-white lunch counter on February 1, 1960, igniting non-violent protests at lunch counters all across the still-segregated South (Farber and Baily 16). The next year saw whites and African-Americans riding buses side-by-side protesting segregation throughout the South while 1963 brought a massive march on Washington, D.C for equal rights (Morgan 23). All of these actions culminated in the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which did away with discrimination based on race, color, creed, or sex, and the Voting Rights Act, which finally allowed African-Americans to vote without being afraid of violence or harm (Morgan 21). While the 1960s saw the main action of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1950s were its predecessor, its catalyst, and its instigator as the African-American population of the nation sought to prove what had been laid out by law. African-Americans were not alone in their quest for equal treatment. Women who had previously enjoyed independence while the men were abroad in World War II were once again relegated to home and kitchen in the 1950s (Lindop and De Capua 130). It was taught that a woman should have little ambition in life aside from finding a good husband and settling down to bear children (Lindop and DeCapua 130). This attitude ceased in the 1960s when alongside the Civil Rights Movement, the feminist movement was also alive and well (Morgan 220). Covered in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbade discrimination based on color, creed, or sex, women still fought for equal treatment and pay in the workplace (Morgan 221). Groups, such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) and the Women’s Equity Action League, found no shortage of supporters (Morgan 221). Again, though the actions took place in the 1960s, they were a direct response to the 1950s, when the strong image of a woman supporting the home front was replaced with a woman relegated to shopping, cleaning, and cooking. Had the 1950s not worked so hard on repressing the women that only years before had attained independence supporting their families, then t he 1960s may not have produced such a startling and strong feminist movement. If the 1950s were known to advocate anything, it was conformity. Suburban tracts of homes were

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay Example for Free

Careers in Psychology; Opportunities in a Changing World Essay It is usually very vital for one to consider the choice of their career path very carefully. One should consider his or her interests in the career, the job market as well as their education qualifications. It is equally important for one to carefully examine the merits and demerits that come with each career option. This is the sole reason why career talks have become part of the school curriculum in many countries in the world. This paper will analyze three case studies of individuals who are about to complete their Bachelor’s Degrees in Psychology, after which it will critically analyze the options the three cases have laid on the table by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Denise is considering a couple of options; Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Clinical Psychology Master of Arts/ Master of Science in Counseling Psychology Master of Education in Counseling Psychology Master of Social Work Master of Science in Pastoral Counseling Master of Science in Counseling. Important to note is where the interests of Denise lie. She has an interest in reading research materials or findings related to children, however this interest is not that much. Denise is also not very interested in doing research work. Considering the fact that Denise has a passion in desire to counsel youth and children is not enough when deciding to choose the next degree program the best option for Denise would be a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling. The merits of this program are that it is in all ways related to the interests of Denise. It would give Denise the best opportunity to counsel youth and children. The degree does not require a lot of research work, rather it r equires more of reading research work. This would by all means be the best for Denise. However, a Master’s Degree in Pastoral Counseling would be tricky if matters of spiritual faith are put in consideration. It is not clear where her faith lies. It would be unbeatably the best if her spiritual faith lies along the pastoral line, or if she had pursued a degree in theology. CITATION Tar12 l 1033 (Kuther, 2012)A Master’s Degree in Clinical Psychology would be advantageous in the sense that it has a wide job market and it is in line with the passion of Denise. However, this degree would not be the best for Denise since it requires a lot of research, which Denise is not very good at. Another disadvantage of this is that it would not limit her exactly to youth and children the way she would like it, older people have psychological problems as well. A Master of Science in Counseling Psychology would also not be advisable for Denise. This degree, just like the one in Clinical Psychology would require a lot of research work. Denise does not like research work and it would be very difficult for her to excel in this program. However, it could be really advantageous in the sense that it requires reading research materials and this is one major stronghold for Denise. A Master Degree in Clinical Psychology would have the same limitations as a Master Degree in Counseling Psychology. However, she loves reading research materials on youth and children. This would favor her in the case that she chose this career path. This leaves the best option for Denise as a Master Degree in Pastoral Psychology. CITATION Rob07 l 1033 (Sternberg, 2007)It would be very difficult for Raul to change what he wanted to do all his life to something else. However, the policy when choosing career paths is always no mistakes. This is when the purpose of internship comes out very clearly. All his life, Raul has been interested in counseling psychology or clinical psychology. He should be very careful when making a choice for the nest career step. This is owing to the fact that for one to excel in a certain career path, he or she ought to have the desire and passion for it. Passion does not just grow within a day and Raul does not have much time to make a decision. However, the volunteer work that he did in the psychiatric clinic seems to have helped him a great deal. The interview that he had with counselors and psychologists seems to have opened his eyes to the real career world. It is very important for Raul to make a decision before it is late since he is about to graduate from school. The interests of Raul are very important is deciding his career path. The fact that he has a wife and children makes it very necessary for him to take a career path that would help him a great deal financially. The best option for Raul in his career path would be to pursue a Master’s Degree in Counseling Psychology. This is owing to the fact that he has interests in researc h which is very vital to the program. Moreover, counseling would give him a wider job market and would therefore sustain him financially. CITATION Don08 l 1033 (Super, 2008)Having been in the cooperate world is indeed a milestone for John in the career world. As much as he was laid off, he is way ahead of a number of individuals. His experience in the cooperate world must have equipped him with a number of skills that will help him a great deal I n future. This is considering the fact that he would love to integrate his career path of psychology with business. For instance, one of the options that John is laying on the table is Industrial Organizational Psychology. I could not agree more with John on this one. Industrial Psychology would indeed be a very good way for John to combine what he learnt in the cooperate world together with Psychology. However, John should always keep in mind that this is a competitive world. The field of Industrial Psychology is just one of the fields tha t experience a lot of competition when it comes to pursuing a graduate program in the field. However, the best advice for John would be to first of all take a professional course that is related to business or rather the cooperate world. Such courses include Business Management, Business Administration, Marketing or even Certified Public Accounting (CPA). In this way, he would be able to prove his skills in the cooperate world, not just by word of mouth or experience but by Certified Professional Courses. This, together with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology would raise his bar much higher. Having done any of these professional courses, John would not only be fit to pursue Industrial or Organizational Psychology but he would also be able to compete with other individuals. CITATION Tho05 l 1033 (Wadsworth, 2005) References l 1033 Helms, J. L. (2011). Majoring in Psychology. New York : New York University Press. Kuther, T. (2012). Careers in Psychology; Opprtumities in a Changing World. New York: New York University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Career Paths in Psychology. Oxford University Press. Super, D. (2008). Opportunities in Psychology Careers. Oxford University Press. Wadsworth, T. (2005). Your Career in Psychology; Industrial /Organizational Psychology. New York: New York University Press. Source document

Positive and Negative Publicity Strategies

Positive and Negative Publicity Strategies In todays world, image and reputation of a business is critically significant than past due to increased market competition and also, with developed technologies, the consumers can be more easily evaluate to particular brand of product or organization. Therefore, it is essential that businesses and organizations have understanding of the effective and strategy public relation for healthy and positive new development. Successful public relation can be give to organization as a good image, and thus publicity is significant role in terms of successful public relation. Because, publicity can be helps gain public awareness and build relationship between products and consumers. The publicity can be defined in many interpretations. Yet, according to Yale (1991:2), publicity involves supplying information that is factual, interesting, and newsworthy to media not controlled by you, such as radio, television, magazines, newspapers, and trade journals. It can be both positive and negative to ones business or organization and thus, it is significant to be aware of what strategies can support to either improve as a positive or reduce a negative way, rather than just simply analysis how they are addressed. Due to organization crises frequently result in negative publicity, threatening the image of the company, the company should have an effective tactics for reduce the impact (Dean, 2004). Furthermore, organization need to try achieve positive publicity for enhance their healthy image and reputation for a successful within market competition. As a result, crisis management is mostly important tactic, which could be positive publicity or an overcome in a negative wa y, and once overcome in a negative way; publicity has essentially support public relation endeavors. In this essay will look at both in positive and negative publicity and explain the strategies which can assist both. Also, it will examine two cases (Johnson Johnson and Toyota) of negative publicity, how they reacted to reduce impacts and which crises management can be support. Strategic positive publicity tips Positive publicity is a main issue when organizing new event or product because it allows to company send a message out to wider audience in effective way, rather than reach the message personally. In a further extend, it is normally acknowledged to be more credible and more influential than company-controlled communications (Wragg, 1981). In this sense, therefore, it is vital to know which strategies can be support to maintain positive publicity. Firstly, organization has to become familiar with the wide range of publicity tools available with them (Wragg, 1981). It can be feature articles, news releases, interviews, press conferences and special events. Besides, these days people more familiar with online sources such as online news reports, blog posts, Facebook updates, YouTube videos and Twitter entries. For instance, good news may spread to wider audience via online sources and its may potentially create healthy public image (Lawrence, 2010). Therefore, select effective publicity tool is most important point that can be achieve positive publicity. In addition, the media can be an effective publicity tool if it is used correct for building healthy image between an organization and the community. As noted by Wragg (1981:17), the media is one of the main avenuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦value of the media in influencing or bringing a message to the notice of the greatest number of people in the shortest time. With developed technologies, most of consumers are able to interact with at least one source of media tool and thus, using effective media is opportunities organization to communicate with consumers. For instance, consumer may evaluate what the organization say and what they do via growth of media. Secondly, organization needs to develop making a publicity plan for presenting their message to the public via the media. As mentioned by Yale (1991:13), with a good publicity planning will help the organizations come out ahead in the competition for space in publications and air time. In a further extend, the organizations can get a lot of coverage for free if it is done correctly and sent to targeted media (Yale, 1991). Effective publicity plan can be including as determine goal of event or product and also decide what message send to public. It may create public awareness that the event or product, build a stronger reputation within ones community or simply to introduce organization to the media and public (Hashemi, 2008). After knowing organizations goal, it enables to determine right target audiences which deliver the message to people who will be interest the message (Hashemi, 2008). Therefore, effective publicity plan is most important strategic for maintain positive publicity , and its lead to good image of ones business. As a result positive publicity can be establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between organization and its publics (Hasek, 2001). In other words, effective publicity supports public relation as successfully. Make lower and prevent negative publicity Look at the reality; it is really obvious, that one little mistake, rumor or gossip can make a serious damage ones business image even though the company is a market leader. This can be regarded as negative publicity. According to Parvesh (2007), negative publicity is the adverse publicity that an organization may incur due to a particular reason, which may lead to potentially disastrous consequences. Like this, negative publicity has the possible to injury corporate image and reputation. this is due to its high credibility as well as the negativity effect, a tendency for negative information to be weighted more than positive information in the evaluation of people, objects, and ideas (Mizerski, 1982 cited by Dean, 2004:193. Because the media has a preference for reporting bad news (Dennis Merrill, 1996), thus companies are more likely to receive bad press rather than positive press. Furthermore, blog, online forum and talk radio and uncontrolled media, it is easier than past, to da mage organization image and reputation (Jenness, 2002). Therefore, It is compulsory know that how to organization can diminish the negative publicity, and get better their image in the public. According to Jenness (2002),negative publicity can be the result of a mishandled crisis. In a further extend, negative publicity is often occurs due to wrong response from the crisis. Perrier, for example, Perrier was unable to overcome negative publicity when top management hesitated in the crisis-solved process. Traces of benzene were found in the companys bottled water in 1990, however top management reassured the public that it was necessary to recall contaminated bottles only in North America. The crisis continued when scientists found benzene in bottled water being sold in Europe (Broom, Center Cutlip, 2000:128). Finally, media discovered, and reported, that benzene-tainted product had been sold all over the world for months. The media questioned Perriers integrity and concern for public safety, and the company lost its dominant position in the market place; it has been unable to rebuild its reputation due to mishandled the crisis (Jenness,2002). This may suggest that effectiv e crisis management is necessary for a reduce damage organization image or reputation. Effective crisis management can be regarded as careful planning, research and training, which can be overcome negative publicity. As Perrier crisis publicity suggests that, consumers need honest answer and they need them fast. Therefore, the company should have good crisis planning for deal with negative publicity. The plan can be include recall the all the products and make an apology to public. Moreover, Berger, Sorensen and Rasmussen (2003:23) suggest that dedicate a team to keep a sharp eye on all fronts, including the Internet which involves blog, online forum and search engine ranking. This can be excellent strategy for prevent from negative publicity. For instance, negative movie review on the magazine or online forum, it may badly influence to the movie itself and also production company, because it leads to lose consumers attention and also possibly to decrease sale a movie ticket. Like this, company need keep look at any comments or developments that might turn ugly. Although it can never be all-encompassing, its better to be aware of possibilities than being caught unawares (Berger et al, 2003:32). Develop Optimal Communication Plan In addition, it is necessary develop optimal communication strategy for reduce negative publicity. For reduce negative publicity, the company may training about how to communicate with the media press and the public about the crisis that is happening. As noted by Dean (2004) has developed a classification of communication strategies that can be employed during a crisis event to manage the image of the affected organization. The company need well prepared communication plan for interview or presentation that open communicate with public in order to protect organization image by negative publicity. In addition, communicate in web-site or informal networking can be useful tool for present information as effectively. Word-of-mouth, for example, it can be powerful tool for positive publicity or negative publicity, yet generally assumes that negative word-of-mouth should hurt product success (Berger et al, 2003:26). Therefore, the company need develop word-of mouth communication in order t o quash rumor or gossip and make consumers more aware or encourage the product or event. As a result, careful planning, research, and training can lessen negative publicity and can assist companies control crises. Is Negative Publicity Can being a Good Thing? On the other side, according to Berger et al (2003:33), though negative publicity can definitely hurt sales in some cases, in others, negative may actually be positive. In a further extend, even though negative publicity can be damage organization image or reputation, it may occurs positive effect in some case if the negative image can assist to increase public attention, overwhelming the negative influences . It suggests that, because negative publicity can increase product awareness and accessibility; it can sometimes have a positive influence on product choice and sales (Berger et al, 2007:3). Due to number of brands are in market place, it is important that get a consumers awareness in order to successful business. Informal media or word-of-mouth, for instance, even though they are presents the products or event as badly, consumers may more inform of their particular product or event. Moreover, Berge (1990:25) mentioned that a wine described as redolent of stinky socks, saw its s ales increase by five percentages after it was reviewed by a prominent wine website. Also, indirect negative publicity can be positive in terms of sales. For example, when Britney Spears represented as issue maker via media, such as hit to paparazzi, over binge problem, her new album Circus actually more increased sales, because the articles also mentioned her new album, and thus direct positive publicity (Berger et al, 2007:15). Like this, these examples show that negative publicity can be a good thing in some case. In addition, after effectively overcome and control the negative organization image and reputation, the organization can regain the consumers trust. In other words, after found lots of problems from the public, as negative publicity, the organization may use them as feedback in order to rebuild their positive image. It may take a long time, however, with resolved negative image, the organization potentially get a public attention. Two cases of organization crisis As a mentioned above, when organization crisis and its damage by negative publicity, It is important figure out what actually happened, how the negative publicity that affect the organization and how to manage in order to solve the crisis. In this part will look at two different examples, Johnson Johnson of Tylenol and Toyota Recall, which used different ways to manage the emergency situations and have different public opinions. Johnson Johnson of Tylenol Scandal In 1981, Chicago, U.S.A, seven customers who took Tylenol died of injected poison. In this tragedy, Johnson Johnson lost their image as market leader and also huge damage corporate reputation. This suggests that they might have had no choice without to give up the brand of Tylenol. Tylenol was the top-selling product by Johnson Johnson. Yet, after the crisis, according to Kaplan (1998), the publicity about the cyanide laced capsules directly caused a nationwide panic and also the company found itself in a real dilemma. Also, many people said that Tylenol as a brand could no longer survive in market place. Moreover, the media interpreted the issue as badly. Therefore, these poisonings made it compulsory for Johnson Johnson to launch a public relations strategy immediately, in order to save the reliability of both their product and corporation as a whole (Kaplan,1998). Toyota Recall Crisis Toyota was play a dominant role in the developing automatic in the world, with high-quality and high technology lead to Toyotas high credit in market place. They are reached the best seller between within all vehicles company, and also build good reputation during last 40 years (Edmund, 2010). It suggests that Toyota be covered in media as positively, and its lead to maintain their good image for a long period. Though, recently the negative publicity around the Toyota company as fast and quick due to acceleration problem. Toyota got a lot of complains about the acceleration and they eventually has recalled eight million vehicles worldwide, including a total of six million in the U.S., because of acceleration problems. Consumers may keep away from Toyota brand because they might be thinking that Toyota is not safe and reliable anymore. Like this, the company suffers from the very serious credit crisis, as noted by Horrel (2010), the long-term loss of reputation could be the real knock out punch for Toyota. After that, it seriously damaged Toyotas high-quality image in the public. Different reaction between Johnson Johnson and Toyota The first different between two companies is how honestly they react from the crisis. According to Dean (2004), Johnson Johnson handled a disastrous crisis amazingly well in 1982 and the companys reaction remains as a model for effective media relations. They let customers know about this awful incident via the media instead of concealing the fact. Contrary, even though Toyota already found the problem early time, they denial for the reputation and conceal the problem, which do not take any responsibility of the issue. Therefore, the public view began to turn away from Toyota (Horrel, 2010). In addition, another different point between two companies is that how actively the take action toward the crisis. After cyanide was discovered in some capsules of Tylenol, a product used by an estimated 100 million people, Johnson Johnson decided to cooperate fully with the media. It immediately announced a recall of all Tylenol packages in both U.S. and foreign markets. They decide not use the all the recalled products even though after results proved that there was no problem in the manufacturing procedure (Kaplan, 1998). However, even Toyota recalled a mounts of vehicles in 2009, the problem still existing and recall increased occurs. Eventually, on January, 2010, Toyota decide stop to producing the recalled model. Their reputation gets serious damage at the same time. The last thing which different between two companies is that lack of sincerity to customers. Tylenol put lots of endeavor into regain trust of the public. The companys decisions, which were based on the business principle of being socially responsible, earned Johnson Johnson praise from the media. According to Dean (2004:197) the company received additional positive press coverage when it subsequently introduced its new tamper-resistant packaging. Although not being able to control media coverage of the situation, Johnson Johnson was able to gain positive publicity because the company had an open communication plan and knew what to do during a crisis (Kaplan, 1998). Therefore, Johnson Johnson got a good image, which involves the company considers customers safety, and quickly recovered their reputation in an effective way. On the other side, Toyota still struggling with the crisis and respond to lessen impact with the CEOs apologies to the public, the purpose is reducing the negat ive publicity as much as possible. Yet, it seems to be hard to rebuild their reputation as before. As like, determination that a firms actions or inactions are directly responsible for a tragic event is likely to severely affect consumer regard for the organization (Dean, 2004:201). As a result, two cases show that crisis can be huge damage to organization image, yet, with well-organized strategy, the crisis could be solved and rebuild the positive reputation. To conclude, publicity can be assist organization image and reputation either as positively or as negatively. Therefore, it is important to understand the strategies that can be employed to assist both. By understanding of them, the organization can be maintain positive publicity for develop their healthy image, on the other side; they also enable to make lower negative publicity in order to reduce and prevent organization image. As mentioned above, two cases (Johnson Johnson and Toyota) shows that how the negative publicity has affected the organization in terms of image and reputation. Especially, when organization is in a crisis, it would be help to rebuild good image if they using publicity as effectively. As a result, publicity has essentially supported public relations endeavors, because publicity allows achieving public awareness and building relationship between products and consumers. Therefore, once organization uses positive strategies in order to gain a good image, it ca n be actually supported public relation in effective way.